Special issue: Original articleClassical disconnection studies of the corpus callosum
Section snippets
The early history
The corpus callosum is an obvious subdivision of the mammalian brain. When scientific interest shifted from ventricular localization to the substance of brain, the distinction between grey and white matter, and the unique position of the corpus callosum between the two hemispheres were clearly described.
Vesalius wrote:
“It comes into view of those dissecting when they manually separate the right side of the brain slightly from the left, for with the brain so separated, that which unites its
Behavioral study of inter-hemispheric transfer
In the first half of the 20th century there was an increasing interest in the laboratory study of learning and its mechanisms. Two different experimental approaches were used. One was classical conditioning as used by Pavlov and his students (Pavlov, 1927). The other approach, common in American laboratories, was to train animals to perform a voluntary task such as running a maze or selecting one of two visual targets. Both methods were to lead towards a deeper understanding of the functions of
Influence of the animal studies on neurosurgical practice and neuropsychology
Some years before these animal experiments were done, Van Wagenen and Herren (1940) reported on a series of cases in which they had cut the corpus callosum in patients in an attempt to limit the spread of epilepsy. They found that section of the corpus callosum was most effective in limiting the spread of the epileptic discharge in those cases in which the source of the epilepsy was due to a large cortical or subcortical scar. The patients were studied extensively by Akelaitis (1941) but they
Other advances in understanding stimulated by the Sperry discoveries
Another of Lashley's students, Chow (1951), and later Pribram and Mishkin (1955) demonstrated that lesions of the inferotemporal cortex produce deficits in acquisition and retention of visual discrimination learning. Mishkin used the callosum studies as a basis for establishing the fact that the linkage between primary visual cortex and the inferotemporal areas is by way of cortico-cortical circuits. When he made a large inferotemporal lesion on one side of the brain, and a visual cortical
Other routes linking the two hemispheres
Although detailed knowledge of the sensory properties of the two stimuli failed to transfer between the two hands in callosum-sectioned monkeys, the habit of testing the two objects before deciding which to choose did transfer from the hand first trained to the second hand. Earlier, Hartmann and Trendelenburg (1927) had shown that there is high level coordination between the hands in a callosum-sectioned monkey, and KU Smith had found significant transfer between the hands in the patients that
Anatomical and physiological studies of callosal connections
Strychnine and the corpus callosum. Convulsant effects from the systemic administration of strychnine had been scientifically described since the early 19th century by Magendie (Simon, 1999). Baglioni and Magnini (1909), working in Luciani's laboratory in Rome, discovered that strychnine directly applied to neurons of the motor cortex of dogs caused spontaneous contractions of the corresponding muscles of the opposite side, as well as a reduction in the threshold for the motor response to local
The primary visual cortex and the corpus callosum
In primates the primary visual cortex (area V1 or calcarine cortex) receives the great majority of the projections from the main thalamic nucleus of the optic pathways, the lateral geniculate nucleus. V1 coincides with Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic area 17 and is also called area striata because the prominent stria of Gennari unmistakably distinguishes it from the adjacent area V2. The apparent absence of commissural connections in area V1 borne out by strychnine neuronography was in agreement
First attempts to correlate callosal electrophysiology and callosal behavioral transfers: Frédéric Bremer
The Belgian physiologist and pathologist Frédéric Bremer (Fig. 9) is mostly known for his studies on the neural bases of the sleep-wake cycle, based on his famous preparations cerveau and encéphale isolé. By contrast, his important contributions to the understanding the functional significance of the corpus callosum with an electrophysiological approach are almost forgotten, in spite of the fact that he wrote three authoritative reviews on the subject (Bremer et al., 1956, Bremer, 1958, Bremer,
Electrophysiological transmission of visual inputs by the corpus callosum
One of the main scientific interests of the British physiologist David Whitteridge was the pattern of representation of the visual field in the cortex. Like Bremer he approached the functions of the corpus callosum electrophysiologically but aiming at the single neuron level. In 1965 he published with Choudhury and Wilson a pioneering experiment on the function of the callosal connections of the visual cortex, in which they cut the left optic tract in cats and recorded from single visual
Conclusion
In this paper we have presented a selective history of studies on the corpus callosum as seen mainly from an anatomo-behavioral and physiological perspective. We have described how the first attempts to identify a pattern of deficits specific to section of the corpus callosum in experimental animals were inconclusive either due to the prevalence of symptoms caused by unintentional lesions of non-callosal brain structures, or because of the use of behavioral methods inappropriate to reveal the
Uncited references
Bremer and Stoupel, 1957, Engel et al., 1991, Kanne and Finger, 1999, Pavlov, 1927.
Acknowledgements
We thank Marco Veronese (Department of Neural and Visual Sciences, University of Verona) for preparing the illustrations.
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