Cortical Development: From Specification to DifferentiationChristine F. Hohmann The cerebral neo cortex, unique to mammals, is regarded as the prerequisite for higher cognitive function and is the structure most closely associated with the idea of the "mind" . Expansion of mental capa city between mammals is most typically associated with an evolutionary increase in neocortical volume that culminates in the intricately folded configuration of sulci and gyri so charac teristic of the primate cerebral cortex. Yet, the basic unit structure and funda mental connectivity of cortex appears to have been preserved from the smooth cortex of the mouse or rat to the highly convoluted cortical mantle of the human that, if stretched out as a sheet, would be large enough to wrap the entire human brain multiple times. The basic similarity in structure and func tion has made it possible to conduct studies in the relatively simple cortices of rat or mouse and have the results pertain to the understanding of the primate, including human, cortex. The neo cortex is an intriguing structure for the study of cell differentiation. Its dozens of neuronal cell types and small handful of different glial types have their origin in a pseudostratified germinal epithelium lining the ventricular surface of the forebrain. In its mature form, neocortex is a six-Iayered struc ture; five of its layers contain multiple different but characteristic neuronal types with the sixth occupied by neuronal processes. Various glial cells are dis persed throughout all six layers. |
Contents
Mechanisms Regulating Lineage Diversity During Mammalian Cerebral Cortical Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis | 27 |
Neural Lineage Elaboration and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins | 30 |
Environmental and Transcriptional Regulation of Intermediate Progenitor Species | 33 |
Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal and Astroglial Lineage Elaboration | 35 |
Developmental Regulation and Lineage Potential of Radial Glia | 36 |
Biology of GlialRestricted Progenitors and the Generation of Oligodendrocytes | 37 |
Role of ID Genes and Proteins in BMPMediated Cerebral Cortical Neural Fate Decisions | 38 |
ID Genes and Proteins | 40 |
44 ActivityDependent Plasticity | 102 |
5 Concluding Remarks | 103 |
References | 104 |
Role of Immediate Early Gene Expression in Cortical Morphogenesis and Plasticity | 113 |
2 Learning and Development Share Mechanisms of Neural Plasticity | 115 |
the Immediate Early Gene Response | 116 |
4 Effector Neuronal Immediate Early Genes | 119 |
Arcadlin tPA and Narp | 121 |
82 Nervous System Functions | 41 |
Summary and Future Directions | 43 |
References | 44 |
Gap Junctions and Their Implications for Neurogenesis and Maturation of Synaptic Circuitry in the Developing Neocortex | 53 |
Survey of Neocortical Development | 54 |
Neurogenesis Migration and Development of Afferents | 55 |
Development of Functional Synapses | 57 |
2 Expression of Gap Junctions in the Neocortex | 61 |
22 Expression During the Early Postnatal Development of the Neocortex | 62 |
3 Modulation of Gap Junction Permeability During Early Postnatal Stages of Neocortical Development | 64 |
41 Neurogenesis | 65 |
42 Development of Intrinsic Neuronal Properties | 67 |
44 Electrical Coupling of Inhibitory Interneurons | 68 |
5 Concluding Remarks | 69 |
References | 70 |
Influence of Radial Glia and CajalRetzius Cells in Neuronal Migration | 75 |
2 CajalRetzius Cells and Reelin | 76 |
3 MAM Model | 79 |
4 What Prevents the Normal Laminar Pattern in E24 MAMTreated Cortex? | 82 |
5 Is There a Radialization Factor in Normal PO Cortex? | 84 |
6 Summary and Conclusions | 85 |
References | 87 |
Neurotrophins and Cortical Development | 89 |
2 Distribution of the Neurotrophins and Their Receptors | 91 |
21 Regulation of the Neurotrophins by Activity | 93 |
22 Effects of Activity on Neurotrophin Secretion | 94 |
3 Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity by the Neurotrophins | 95 |
LongTerm Potentiation and Depression | 96 |
4 Neurotrophins and Structural Synaptic Plasticit | 97 |
41 Axonal Growth | 98 |
42 Dendritic Growth | 99 |
43 Synapse Formation and Maintenance | 101 |
Arc | 124 |
Rheb and COX2 | 125 |
Homer | 127 |
Conclusions | 129 |
References | 130 |
Role of Afferent Activity in the Development of Cortical Specification | 139 |
Vision and Audition | 140 |
22 Auditory Processing | 143 |
23 Vision Versus Audition | 144 |
4 A Role for Extrinsic Inputs in Specification of Local Cortical Networks | 145 |
42 The Rewiring Paradigm | 146 |
43 Innervation of the Denervated MGN by the Retina | 148 |
45 Analyses of Rewired A1 | 149 |
452 Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals | 150 |
46 Other Signaling Mechanisms | 151 |
48 Strategy to Identify and Characterize Cortical Genes Activated by ModalitySpecific Inputs | 152 |
References | 154 |
Implications of Cerebral Cortical Functional Connectivity and the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases | 157 |
2 Role of the Ventral Telencephalon in Cerebral Cortical Development | 159 |
3 Developmental Actions of Neurogenic bHLH Genes | 161 |
4 Mechanisms Regulating the Transition from Neurogenesis to Gliogenesis | 162 |
5 Olig Genes and Regional Shh Signaling | 163 |
6 Importance of Regional Forebrain Patterning for Neural Subtype Specification | 165 |
7 Role of Local BMP Signaling in Cerebral Cortical Neuronal and OL Lineage Elaboration | 167 |
Therapeutic Implications | 168 |
9 Role of Gap Junction Channels and GABAergic Neuronal Subtypes in Cerebral Cortical Functional Connectivity | 169 |
10 Regional Forebrain Patterning and Neurodegenerative Diseases | 170 |
11 Summary and Future Directions | 172 |
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Other editions - View all
Cortical Development: From Specification to Differentiation Christine F. Hohmann Limited preview - 2002 |
Cortical Development: From Specification to Differentiation Christine F. Hohmann No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
activity activity-dependent addition adult areas associated astrocytes auditory axons BDNF brain cell cycle cellular cerebral cortex changes circuits complex connections cortical cortical plate coupling cultures dendritic dependent developmental differentiation distinct domains early effects elaboration embryonic enhance et al evidence excitatory expression forebrain formation function gap junctions gene glial growth factor hippocampal important increase induced influence inhibition inhibitory inputs involved labeled later layers levels lineage mature mechanisms mediated migration modulate molecular mouse mRNA Nature neocortex neocortical nervous system networks neural neurogenesis neurons Neurosci neurotrophic factor neurotrophins normal NSCs observations occur organization pathway pattern period plasticity population position postnatal potentiation present processes progenitor cells projection proliferating promote properties proteins radial glia recently receptors regional regulation response rewired role Shatz shown signaling specific stages stem structural studies subtypes suggest synaptic tion transcription TrkB types ventral visual cortex