Abstract
One of the causes of the great survival capability of some biological systems is the fact that they are systems of individuals such that the system behavior does not critically depend on any one individual. Such systems can be regarded as redundant systems with different kinds and levels of redundancy. For example, although each specimen of a biological society has a limited lifespan, the whole society can exist for a much longer time. This is primarily due to self-reproduction, one form of redundancy. On a lower level, the lifespan of a specimen can be larger than the lifespan of parts of the specimen. Again this is due to redundancy, but of another form if the specimen is required to have a definite internal structure.
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Lofgren, L. (1962). Kinematic and Tessellation Models Of Self-Repair. In: Bernard, E.E., Kare, M.R. (eds) Biological Prototypes and Synthetic Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1716-6_44
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1716-6_44
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